Migraine Pain Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Migraine Pain - Research Paper Example Migraine is distinguished from normal or tension headache on the basis of factors or reasons behind its generation. It is important to understand that migraine is not typical fluctuation in blood pressure or increased intracranial pressure. Migraine attacks may contribute to neurosis, one-time or permanent. It effects the neuroendocrine system (including adrenal and thyroid gland), which is responsible for the generation of neuroses in the body. The constant production of stress hormones, including adrenaline leads to vasoconstriction. It is not possible to clearly identify the specific cause behind the emergence and development of migraine. There have been cases in which it is found that the migraine is genetically transferred to people. However, there are peculiar reasons for migraine in every case (Thakar, Anjaneyulu, and Deka, 2001). Migraine patient also suffers from photophobia and phonophobia (light and zvukoboyazn). Bright lights and any sharp sound can cause excruciating throbbing headache. There is increased irritability and sudden mood swings. The sharp smell can also act as irritants, causing nausea, vomiting, dizziness, loss of orientation in space. The patient may experience severe pain not only in the head, but also in neck, eyes, and upper jaw (Cutrer, ODonnell, and Sanchez, 2000). Before diagnosing the patient with migraine pain it is important to evaluate the history of the patients clinical and evolutionary process, ruling out diseases that can mask the symptoms of migraine. For this purpose physicians can use the brain scan through Cranial CT scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Thakar, Anjaneyulu, and Deka,

The Fault In Our Stars Summary Essay Example for Free

The Fault In Our Stars Summary Essay The Fault in our Stars by John Green is an outstanding novel and one of Green’s best works. It tells a modern story about a girl named Hazel trying to live like a normal teenager. However this is not the easiest thing in the world for her because wherever she goes, she must carry an oxygen tank with her as a result of her having cancer. However at a teen cancer support group, she meets Augustus Waters, a very different yet similar person to her. This novel tells a sweet, painful love story about pain, miracle, adoration, and inspiration about how to overcome obstacles in life Augustus Waters is someone who probably would not be a probable match for Hazel. He lives life with uncertainty because his cancer is not 100% cured. Hazel lives upon diagnosis. She accepts that she will die soon and doesn’t want to hurt Augustus because she knows he had been hurt that way before. Hazel spends her time inside her home all day reading the same book over and over again, and oddly enough decides to share it with Augustus. He seems to have his own secret reason for loving the book as much as she does. Augustus uses his wish from the Wish foundation for cancer patients to take Hazel and her mother to Amsterdam to meet the author who wrote the book they both admire. They unfortunately discover that the author they had come to meet is a repugnant jerk and they leave soon after arriving. Many of the situations that both teens encounter are very realistic and relatable. There are many repugnant jerks in the world and most of the time, the only mature thing to do is walk away. There are also people like Hazel’s mother, who knows Hazel’s situation and knows the trip will put her at risk but understands that Hazel needs to do something exciting in her life and going on vacation with a boy whom she loves will make her happy. When they return to Indiana, Hazel soon discovers that Augustus is not well. With everything that has happened in her life, she is the one is left angry at the world. She doesnt seem to understand how someone as amazing as Augustus had to have a terrible fate that she had once accepted was upon herself. The most terrible things always happen to the people who deserve it the least. There really must be a fault in our stars. Although I do not have cancer and I do not have any life-threatening diseases, this book was important to me. The Fault in our Stars shows that no matter what the circumstances are, you can always prove yourself wrong and keep at things even though they get tough. John Green has captured the idea of true love and overcoming obstacles in the best way possible.

Pediatric Care Against Bullying

Pediatric Care Against Bullying Objectives List at least three client centered learner objectives. The objectives must be client centered, measurable, and time specific. Clients will verbalize understanding what â€Å"bullying† is by the end of the teaching session. Clients will verbalize understanding of the types of bullying by the end of the teaching session. Clients will verbalize understanding of what to do if they encounter bullying by the end of the teaching session. Growth and Development Expected List the age group being taught. I presented my teaching project to a fourth grade class of 9 and 10 year olds. Describe the physical development of this age group. Include information regarding height, weight, muscle structure, fat distribution, bone development, dental development, etc. In this age group, height increases about two inches each year. Weight increases about four to six pounds each year. Along with the increased height and weight, muscle mass also increases. However, the muscles are not functionally mature and are more prone to muscle injury. As height increases, body fat percentage decreases and is replaced by muscle. The skeletal bones continue to harden (ossify) throughout this developmental period. Girls begin to develop faster than boys do and begin to grow taller than boys. This is also the stage of development in which the deciduous teeth are replaced by the permanent teeth. Describe the cognitive development of this age group. Include information regarding the ability to think through operations/problem –solve, ability to learn concepts, reading comprehension, level of understanding, Piaget’s stage, ideas about morality, spirituality, etc. According to Piaget, school-aged children are in the concrete operational stage, which means they make judgements based on their reasoning. The school-age child’s egocentric thinking is also replaced by the social awareness of others. School-aged children can think logically about objects and events. They are able to voice their opinions and think critically. Additionally, this age group is also capable of concrete problem-solving. They achieve conservation of weight by age 9. They also achieve the ability to classify, sort objects and are able to put things in chronological order. For example, school-aged children can classify objects of several features and can place them in order in a series, including dimensions such as shape or size. Reversibility is now possible. School-aged children can reverse simple arithmetic problems. This age group also now has a longer attention span. They have the ability to read more complex sentences that use complex words As egocentric thinking is replaced by logic thinking, school-aged children become more aware of moral standards and conciseness. They now do not solely think about just the consequences, but they can now judge an act by the intention that stimulated it. They clearly understand the difference between right and wrong. As far as spirituality, children are very eager to learn about God. They also are very curious about heaven and hell. They view God as a human and their description of Him is loving, kind, and helpful. They also tend to think that misbehavior will cause them to go hell and good behavior will gain them entrance to heaven. At this age, children also petition their prayers to God. Describe the psychosocial development of this age group. Include information regarding explanation of Erikson’s developmental stage, interaction with peers, interaction with family members, involvement in sports/clubs, hobbies, self-concept, etc. In the school-aged, school plays a major role in the resolution of the developmental crisis of industry versus inferiority. Children learn that they can win recognition of teacher, parents, and peers by doing well in school or mastering a task. The attitudes and opinions of others also become very important. When children master a skill that they have attempted, it helps them to form a positive self-concept of themselves. They develop a sense of who they really are. However, when a goal is not mastered, feelings of inferiority and self-doubt arise because children feel like they failed. These children are most interested in friends and social activities. They enjoy group adventures and cooperative play. The peer group is very important to school-aged children. It is through interaction with the peers that children learn how to put up with those who have strong personalities. Additionally, it is also through peer groups that children socialize and gain independence from their parents. The lack of peer group associations can lead to bullying and feelings of rejection. However, peer groups are not the most influential when it comes the school-aged child. The parents ultimately shape the child’s personality, values, and standards for behavior. Children in this age group also acquire hobbies. They also like to collect things and many enjoy reading and writing. Describe the language development of this age group. Include information regarding ability to articulate thoughts, vocabulary, clarity of speech, dialect among peers, etc. School-aged children learn different words and their meanings. Their knowledge of words is enhanced by reading. Reading also allows the school-aged child to explore and imagine. They also begin to consolidate expressive language skills and learn to express themselves verbally. This age group is also beginning to follow complex instructions. They are able to follow those demands without the use of visual aids. They can read more complex and sophisticated sentences. Additionally, they can express themselves through writing and speaking with more complex and sophisticated words. Describe the fine motor development of this age group. Include information regarding writing ability, scissor skills, dressing self, tying shoes, using utensils, craft making, typing, etc. The school-aged child’s fine motor skills mature and handedness improves. With the maturation in fine motor skills, they also begin to master unlimited varieties of hand crafts. The fine motor skills of children in this age group are smoother and stronger than when they were younger. This increased body control allows them to work on strengthening other skills such as writing, drawing, using scissors, typing, and many other things. However, capabilities ranges are wide among children in this age group. Some may excel in one activity while others struggle. Describe the gross motor development of this age group. Include information regarding walking, maintaining balance, coordination, jumping, reaching, play/activities involving motor movement, etc. The gross motor development of this age group of school-aged children is smoother and stronger than when they were younger. They also have better coordination, balance, and endurance than the younger years. This increased body control allows school-aged children to improve on strengthening physical skills, such as speed and strength in sports and other physical activities, such as running and dance. Some children among this age group will have better endurance, coordination, and balance than others. Some may excel in sports, while others may just enjoy playing with friends and peers fun. POST-IMPLEMENTATION EVALUATION Objectives Evaluation Were the learner objectives met? Evaluate each objective. †¢Clients will verbalize understanding what â€Å"bullying† is by the end of the teaching session. Goal met. Clients verbalized an understanding of what â€Å"bullying† is by stating the definition of bullying by the end of my teaching session. †¢Clients will verbalize understanding of the types of bullying by the end of the teaching session. Goal met. Clients verbalized an understanding of the different types of bullying by stating the different types of bullying by the end of the teaching session. †¢Clients will verbalize understanding on what to do if they encounter bullying by the end of the teaching session. Goal met. Clients verbalized an understanding of what to do if they encountered bulling by stating what they would actually do by the end of my teaching session. Assessments List two identified strengths of the teaching project. One of the strengths of my teaching project is that it was simple, yet age appropriate for the age group that I presented to. Another strength of my teaching project is as I presented the project, I asked questions throughout the presentation. I did this so that I could evaluate the cognitive development and language development of this age group List two identified weaknesses of the teaching project. One of the weakness of my teaching project is that when I presented, I felt that I was talking too fast. Another weakness is that I was very apprehensive when presenting my teaching project. However, that soon passed as I presented the teaching project. Growth and Development Observed Describe the physical development of this age group in comparison of what was listed as expected. Physically, children in this age group were of all different shapes and sizes. Some were more naturally stockier and some were skinnier than others. Some of the children had more body fat than others, while some had more muscle mass. Many of the girls were taller than the boys. While some of the boys were still taller than the girls. Some of the children were short and stocky. Some were tall and stocky. Some of the children were tall and skinny, while others were short and skinny. I also noticed that when some of the children smiled, that they had acquired their permanent teeth. Describe the cognitive development of this age group in comparison of what was listed as expected. Cognitively, the school-aged children were able to think critically about my teaching topic. They also were able to correctly answer the questions that I asked them and shared their own opinions about my teaching project topic. In addition, they also were able to judge acts or actions by the intentions that stimulated those acts or actions. While presenting my teaching project, the students were actually able to tell me reason why people bully other people. They were also able to tell me who can be bullies and who can be bullied. They had logical responses to my questions and actually critically thought about the questions I asked them before answering. Describe the psychosocial development of this age group in comparison of what was listed as expected. The children seemed to be independent and obedient. They also socialized with their peers. Boys tended to spend time with boys and girls with girls. However, the children did interact with peers of the opposite sex. Describe the language development of this age group in comparison of what was listed as expected. This age groups language development was very sophisticated. They expressed their opinions about things using a vocabulary that was complex, but age appropriate. They answered questions using sophisticated words and were able to verbalize their feeling and opinions clearly. Describe the fine motor development of this age group in comparison of what was listed as expected. This age groups fine motor skills varied widely. Some of the children’s handwriting was neat and readable, while some of their handwriting was difficult to decipher. The children also had pictures of activities that required cutting and scissors posted on the walls of the school. Describe the gross motor development of this age group in comparison of what was listed as expected. During recess, I saw the children make use of their smoother, stronger gross motor skills. There were children running and playing outside during recess as I left the school. I also saw students that were playing soccer and jump roping. References Provide an annotated bibliography for the references used. A minimum of three sources must be utilized. Annotated Bibliography Franks, J. K. (2013). The relationship between strengths in youth and bullying experiences at school. Educational Child Psychology, 30(4), 44-58. This article discussed how bullying impacts one’s self-esteem and self-perception of themselves. In addition, this article also discussed the emotional, social, and academic effects of bullying. The information about the consequences for both bullies and those who are bullied was also provided in detail. This article was a helpful resource because it not only provided detailed information about the consequences of bullying and the psychosocial effects of it, but it included evidence-based research information about bullying. Hockenberry, M.J., Wilson, D. (2013). Wong’s essentials of pediatric nursing (9th ed.), Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family (pp.457-475). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier. In this textbook, it provides information about the characteristics of bullies and those who bully. The long term effects of bullying are also discussed in this text. Information about why people bully was also provided in this textbook. This textbook was a very helpful resource because it provided detailed information about the characteristics of bullies and those who are bullied. In addition, it also provided detailed information about the long term effects and consequences of bullying. Park, C. (2014). Children And The Duty To Report: The Double Standard Of Child Abuse And Anti-Bullying Laws. Indiana Law Review, 47(3), 843-869. This article discusses why it is important to recognize bullying and put a stop to it. It also gives the definition of bullying and describes the different types of bullying. This article was also a very helpful because it stressed the importance of standing up to bullies and putting and end bullying. In addition, it provided a very detailed definition of bullying and the different types of bullying.

Evaluating Three Cell Phone Websites :: Sell Websites Buy Websites

Evaluating Three Cell Phone Websites Today, almost all people use cell phones. After buying a cell phone, people will choose which plan they will use. Now, there are many cell phone service companies in the US, so the cell phone users have to be careful when they choose the plans. Many cell phone service companies provide websites in order to give information to the cell phone users. The ease of use of the website, the information that it gives, the design and the organization of the website are the factors that will influence cell phone users in choosing their plan. In this paper, I will compare three different websites that contain information about cell phone plans. I chose T-mobile, Verizon and Sprint for comparisons. I chose T-Mobile because I am currently using T-mobile as my cell phone plan. I selected Verizon and Sprint because they are the leading competitors of T-mobile. The first website is T-Mobile. The T-Mobile website is owned by T-Mobile Company. This website is made to help their old customers to control their accounts and to get new information about T-Mobile. It is also made for the new customers, so that they can get information about T-mobile. Then, they can compare T-Mobile plans with other companies. The T-Mobile website is very simple and easy to read. It provides two choices, personal and business customers. For the personal choice, there are two options, individual and families, friends and couples. For the business choice, customers can learn and shop their products and services. These will make customers easier to use this website according to their needs. It is also completed with facility for the existing customers to log in into their accounts, so that the customers may check their accounts anytime. The T-Mobile website contains more information about coverage area and switching plan. The customers also can check the status of their order when they buy the product from T-Mobile. T-Mobile website offers opportunity for the users to find career in T-Mobile. It is such an advantage for the T-Mobile users. Besides those mentioned, this website provides information for the job seekers and the developers. This website also gives information about where the customers can find their store and how they can reach and contact them. Besides that, it also contains T-Mobile company information, so customers can know more about their company. This website is not only for United States users, but also for international users because it provides some sites for other countries like Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Poland, Russia and United Kingdom.

Internal Conflicts in Paradise Lost Essay

John Milton summarizes the content of the entire poem in the first thirty-two lines. However, the reader is left with uncertainty when he declares: â€Å"That to the height of this great argument / I may assert Eternal Providence, / and justify the ways of God to men† (I. 24-26). Milton is unclear about which ways of God he wants to justify. The cause and effect text structure in lines 1-32 adds to the confusion as Milton contradicts himself when he says that he will try to â€Å"assert Eternal Providence† and â€Å"justify the ways of God to men. In Milton’s attempt to explain the ways of God to man with â€Å"this Eternal Providence,† he provides a contradictory tone to the reader as he focuses more on Satan, his evil, and the reasons why he would do something so ignorant. Rather than providing an explanation to men of the â€Å"Eternal Providence,† which is the basic knowledge man possesses of the difference of good and evil, he provides nothing more than a narrative and uncountable allusions to Genesis. Milton’s contradiction becomes more evident towards the end of Book One because there is no resolution or explanation to man as the poem embodies the â€Å"fall† of Adam, Eve, and Satan, not mankind. Milton not only reveals his own internal conflict, but also the internal conflicts of mankind through rhetorical devices, such as a series of questions that he answers. He asks a rhetorical question: â€Å"And mad’st it pregnant: what in me is dark† (I. 22). Through this question Milton identifies the lifelong conflicts of all of mankind: good versus evil and the reason why people do bad things. When Milton states, â€Å"I thence / Invoke thy aid to my advent’rous song, / that with no middle flight intends to soar,† he praises and explains God’s purpose through his adventurous song, yet he already knows the questions that he asks are the same as those asked by all men (I. 12-14). If Adam and Eve had it so great, why would they disobey God? He needs an explanation for himself, but understands that for his work to be great, he must be able to explain the unexplainable. The question of good versus evil has been a conflict man has had since Adam and Eve lived, however it has never really been resolved. The only explanation for the conflict between good and evil is justice; God’s justice. Without a doubt, Milton’s Paradise Lost is an epic poem that addresses the complexity of good versus evil. However, through the use of rhetorical devices, allusion, and many other literary elements, the reader begins to question ot only themselves but the rest of mankind and the good as well as the evil that lies in everyone. The effects that this poem has are clear. By questioning God, Milton allows us to question others and ourselves. Although an answer from God is not always necessary, the explanation of the â€Å"Eternal Providence† and the justice God provides is something man cannot explain. Perhaps that is why God does not answer Milton; he needed to find the answers in himself.

Color Psychology In Marketing The Complete Guide [Free Download]

Color Psychology In Marketing The Complete Guide [Free Download] In content marketing, color is an emotional cue. In an ocean of content marketing, color can help yours stand out. Its what  gets your audience to see what you want them to see, feel what you want them to feel, and to do what you want them to do. Which hues  you choose can  also affect usability  and  whether content is  readable it or not. This is what makes  understanding color psychology so important for the success of your content. However, poor  color choice can also negatively change the impact of your message. Get it wrong, and your great content and your amazing call to action  will be easily ignored. Even NASA is concerned about color;  enough so that they provide free online resources  to help non-designers choose just the right shades. After reading this post, youll understand basic color theory and psychology. Plus, weve included a free hex color chart to make  picking the right colors with easy with any design tool. Ready to become an expert? Lets jump in! Table of Contents: Basics of Color Theory Primary Colors Secondary Colors Tertiary Colors Pure Color Tints Shades Tones The Complete Color Wheel Using Contrast Choosing Color Combos Using Complementary Colors Addressing Color-Blindness Using Split-Complementary Colors Using Analagous Colors Using Monochromatic Colors Using Triangle, Rectangle, and Square Colors Psychology of Colors in Marketing Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Purple Pink Brown Gold Black White Bright Colors Cultural Colors Word Associations With Color Preferences by Gender Mood and Emotions Brand Recognition TestingThe Know It All Guide To #ColorPsychology In Marketing + The Best Hex Chart Let's Start With The Basics Of Color Theory Understanding how color works isn't just for artists dipping their hands into paint and pigments all day long. Anyone in marketing needs to understand the basics of color theory because no matter what you are using color in your content. Back To Top Primary Color Primary colors are the three colors that make all other colors. They are red, blue, and yellow. These three colors can be used to create the next level of colors, called the secondary colors. Exceptions, of course, abound when it comes to talking about primary colors. If you're talking color theory in regards to light, your primary colors would be cyan, magenta, and yellow. Let's not forget CMYK for print and RGB for screens or monitors. And, when mixing paint, it matters what particular pigment you're using to get that red in order to come up with the proper new color. But let's keep this simple and stick with red, blue, and yellow. Back To Top Secondary Color Secondary colors are purple, green, and orange. They are created using the primary colors. If you look on the color wheel, you'll find the secondary colors in between two primary colors. Color Guide: red + blue = purple blue + yellow = green red + yellow = orangeBack To Top Tertiary Color Tertiary colors take  secondary colors one step further. They are the "two-name" colors, such as red-purple, red-orange, yellow-green, etc. They are created by adding more of one primary color than the other creating not a true secondary color. It ends up being closer to the primary color. Back To Top Pure Color Primary, secondary, and tertiary colors, without the addition of white, black, or a third color, are pure (or saturated) colors. They are intense, bright, cheery, and untainted colors. These are the colors of children's toys, daycare decor, and summer clothes. Back To Top Tints When white is added to a pure color, you get a tint. Some people refer to these as pastel colors. They are lighter and paler than a pure color, and not as intense. Tints range from slightly whiter to almost-white. Back To Top Shades When black is added to a pure color, you create a shade. These darken and dull the brightness of pure colors, and range from slightly darker to almost black. Back To Top Tones When gray (black + white) is added to a pure color, you create a tone. You often hear people saying that a color needs to be "toned down", meaning it's too intense and they want to drop the level of intensity. Adding black and white in different amounts to a color subdues the intensity quickly. Back To Top The Completed Color Wheel Whew! So there we have it: a complete color wheel with primary, secondary, and tertiary colors, plus their tints, shades, and tones. You can see how it all fits together on the color wheel below. Cool colors are all on the left side of the wheel, in the blues and greens. The warm colors are all on the right side of the wheel, in the yellows and reds. Now that you understand color theory and the color wheel, you can start to use color purposefully in your content marketing. Back To Top Using Contrast Correctly With  Color When it comes to color techniques, the use of contrast is particularly important, and it's probably the one that will lead you to butt heads with your designer the most. Contrast is how one color stands apart from another. It's what makes text or objects distinguishable from the background. High contrast is when colors easily stand apart from each other. Low contrast is when they don't. Often, people assume a difference in color is what creates contrast, but that's not true. You might have two colors that are completely different  but have no contrast at all because  their tone is the same. To test out your colors contrast, turn them into grayscale and review their contrast. Colors, in their pure form, have inherent differences in how light and dark they are. Yellow is bright, for example, while blue is darker. Yellow  and orange  have little contrast with each other, despite being different colors. When different colors have the same tone (level of gray as you  just learned), they will not have much contrast, either. It isn't enough to simply pick two different colors when making decisions about contrast. Using High And Low Contrast Generally, high contrast is the best choice for important content, because it is most easily seen. Dark on light or light on dark–it's the easiest to read. It might not be exciting, but it is readable. One word of caution, though: If everything is high contrast, nothing stands out and it's tiring on the eye after a while. (e.g. Think of black computer screens with bright green text.) Designers often prefer low contrast techniques. They like to make things look beautiful, but beautiful isn't always the best for readability. Tone-on-tone similar colored combinations are very popular and while their subtlety is quite attractive, they are also difficult for people to read. Pro Tip: Try to find the balance between beautiful color schemes, and legibility for optimal clarity in your visuals. In order to use similar colors, while getting the contrast you desire, create a color scheme with both complementary and analogous colors. What's that? Let's keep reading! Choose #colors and contrast that is readable. Beautiful content that can't be read is a fail....Back To Top Choosing Color Combinations The color wheel can help you choose great color combinations for your call to action button, your infographics, and your lead collection pop-up. Keeping your color combinations simple will help you in the long run. A study from the  University of Toronto  showed on how people using  Adobe  Kuler revealed most people preferred simple color combinations that relied on only 2 to 3 favorite colors. People like simplicity; it makes your content easier to understand if they don't have to interpret it through many colors. And remember, color has meaning  so each color adds or takes away from your message. Too many colors make for a confusing message. So how do you choose those 2 or 3 colors? The color wheel can help. Using Complementary (Opposite) Colors Complementary color combinations make things stand out. Complementary colors are "opposite" colors. They are opposite of each other on the color wheel, meaning the one color they lack is that one opposite of them. They are geographically and color-wise the opposite, and provide a kind of visual tension because they are so opposed to each other. You might even notice that some of your favorite sport teams use  complementary colors. From football to hockey, opposite colors are used for some great color combinations. Blue is the opposite of orange. Red is the opposite of green. Yellow is the opposite of purple. Opposites attract! When the human eye sees a painting full of different kinds of greens, any bit of red is going to stand out amazingly well. Why? Because red is the opposite color of green. When the eye has been looking at a lot of the same color, it wants to see the opposite for a visual break. Using complementary colors is the easiest way to get something to stand out. Use them with caution to keep your content from being too visually jarring. You don't want 50% orange and 50% blue because neither color wins and it causes distress to the eyes. Pro Tip: pick a primary color as your main color, and then accent it with its complement color for more of a 7:3 ratio. This provides a beautiful color pairing, but also lets your eyes break on the opposite color. Let's look at the homepage as an example. What colors do you see? It's mainly  blue, but our most important button, the "Get Started Free Now" button, is orange. Orange  is the opposite color of blue. In a sea of dark blue,  your eye is going to naturally notice orange  faster than any other color. We also ensured that the orange button contrasted from the dark blue to make it even more visually present. Back To Top Caution: Addressing Color Blindness A quick word of caution:  Red and green, two complementary colors, present a sticky problem. Some people have  color blindness and cannot distinguish between certain colors, and red and green are a common problematic combination.Colors with heavy amounts of red and green in them get bungled up, too. Did you know that Facebook is blue because Mark Zuckerberg is red-green colorblind? He sees blues the best. The above example shows the three types of color blindness: Deuteranope, protanope, and tritanope. Similar to Mark who sees blue best, it's no wonder why blue is one of the more popular colors as it stretches even beyond color blindness. To help with color blindness when using  complementary colors, remember there must be high contrast. Try to never use a color solely as the information source. Include text in graphs and infographics whenever possible as well. High contrast and additional text  will ensure that even when color blindness is present, your visuals will be both readable and enjoyable to see. Back To Top Using Split Complementary Colors If you want to use three colors instead of just two, using split complementary color schemes is a way to capitalize on the power of complementary colors but add a third color to your palette. To use it, you'll choose one color as your base color, and then the two colors adjacent to its opposite. For example, if we decided to choose green as our main color, we'd look across the color wheel for its complementary color, red. Then, look to the two colors directly beside it. Now, we have green, red-orange, and red-purple for a perfect split complementary color scheme. A split complementary color scheme doesn't have quite the same level of tension that a complementary color scheme does, but it's still visually exciting for your eye. It also adds a level of variety to your color scheme that can be used in a very dynamic, meaningful way. Back To Top Using Analogous Colors Analogous colors sit next to each other on the color wheel. They are "related", a kind of family of colors that creates pleasing and relaxed visuals. They aren't jarring, opposite, or clashing. They also don't stand out from one another. Analogous colors can create subtle and beautiful content, but you may need to add  a complementary color to get any particular item to stand out. Back To Top Using Monochromatic Colors Monochromatic colors are a single color, with its tints, shades, and tones. They are even more soft and subtle than analogous colors since it's a color palette based on one single color. Monochromatic colors work great when paired with a single complementary color. On the website, we use monochromatic blue  colors with orange  for the content we want to get noticed. Most designers- when using complementary colors- pair a rich collection of monochromatic colors with a single complementary color. Pair a rich collection of monochromatic colors with a single complementary #color #design Back To Top Using Triangle, Rectangle And Square Colors It isn't difficult to create color combinations that stretch the boundaries of the easy power of complementary opposites and the related analogous and monochromatic palettes. All you need is a triangle, rectangle, and a square. A triangle (triad) is a color combination made of three colors that are evenly spaced around the color wheel. A rectangle (tetradic) is a color combination made of four colors that are made up of two complementary pairs. A square is similar to a rectangle palette, but the two sets of complementary pairs are colors evenly spaced around the circle. These three combinations can be visually noisy if you're not careful. The best application is to use one color as the dominant color, and the others for highlighting content. The triangle combination is particularly vibrant; three is a "stable" number and using three colors is visually stabilizing. Back To Top The Psychology of Colors in Marketing Color is an essential tool because it has an impact on how we think and behave. Color directs our eye where to look, what to do, and how to interpret something. It puts content into context. It helps us decide what's important and what's not.  That's precisely why, as a content marketer, you need to understand what colors mean  to people. While color psychology has been studied and analyzed over time, the psychological impact of color is still moderately subjective. We don't all react the same way to colors, as we all have previous experiences with colors from significant events, cultures, people, and  memories. However, there are a few generalities about how people respond to color, and that's what we're going to look at. Back To Top The Color Psychology of Red Red is a very powerful, dynamic color that reflects our physical needs whether to show affection and love, or to portray terror, fear,  and survival. Red is also a very energizing color that can portray friendliness and strength, but can also be demanding and show aggression depending on its context. Overall, if you're looking to have a really powerful presence or get someone's attention fast, red is your go-to color. Just remember to use it sparingly to avoid the extreme negative reactions it can so easily awaken. Red is commonly seen: Stop lights, Valentine's Day, and horror films. Back To Top The Color Psychology of  Orange Orange has a very interesting psychological meaning as it combines red's power and energy with yellow's friendliness and fun. The mix makes orange  a good representation of  physical comfort in our warmth, food, and shelter. (It even stimulates our appetite so watch out if you're hungry!) Orange is also known to be a color of motivation, lends  a positive attitude, and general enthusiasm for life. Overall, orange is great for bringing comfort in tough times, and creating a sense of fun or freedom in your visuals. Orange  is commonly seen:  Fruits, sporting events, and board games. Back To Top The Color Psychology of  Yellow Yellow is the epitome of joy, happiness, cheerfulness, optimism- you name it. Anything happy is almost always yellow. The wavelength of yellow is particularly long, making it  have one of the most powerful psychological meanings, while also being the easiest color to visibly see. (Did you know yellow is the first color infants respond to?) Whenever you need to lift someone's spirits, increase their confidence, or provide inspiration, use yellow. However, avoid using yellow too much because it's also known to  make us more critical causing self esteem issues, fear, or anxiety. Find the right balance of yellow to motivate rather than bring others down. Yellow  is commonly seen:  Traffic crossings and signs, smiley faces, and window-front displays. Back To Top The Color Psychology of  Green Green is a color of balance and harmony. It lends us a clearer sense of right from wrong since green  incorporates  a balance of both the logical and emotional. Green is one of the most-seen  colors in nature reflecting life, rest, and peace. It  is also a sign of growth, whether that's in a physical object like plants  or in our income and wealth. Overall, if you're looking to portray health,  rest, and to relieve stress, green is your color. While green does have minor negative aspects like over-possession and materialism, it has a more positive affect than most other colors. Green  is commonly seen:  Nature, economic exchange,  health-based stores, and restaurants. Back To Top The Color Psychology of  Blue Blue is known for its trust and dependability. It's reliable, responsible, and mentally soothing. For that reason alone, it's one of the most-liked colors across the entire world. Unlike red, blue lends a more mental reaction rather than physical that allows us to destress, calm down, and think of the most ideal situation. Unfortunately, it also is one of the last colors to be seen, and can be perceived as distant, cold, or unfriendly if used it great amounts. Overall, blue is a well-liked color that can bring a sense of calmness and trust when building relationships, especially in marketing. Blue  is commonly seen:  Workout facilities, hospitals, and spas. Back To Top The Color Psychology of Purple Purple is most commonly known for its imagination and spirituality. It possesses the energy and power of red, with the stability and reliability of blue, making it a perfect balance between the physical and spiritual. Purple is often used to show luxury, loyalty, courage, mystery, and magic. It's a very intriguing color as it soothes, but also presents space for mystery and new ideas. This is why creativity is most often associated with the color purple. When using purple, avoid using it too often as it can also cause too much introspection or distraction as thoughts begin to wonder. Purple  is commonly seen:  Magic shows, fairy tales, and luxury products. Back To Top The Color Psychology of  Pink Pink is a softer, less intense version of red that creates a sense of compassion and unconditional love. While it's a very physical color, it soothes rather than stimulates, making it a perfect color for caring, understanding, and nurturing those in need. Pink is a sign of hope. It  is also known to be very romantic as it shows empathy and sensitivity. If too much pink is used, it can be very draining, show a lack of power, and even immature. Overall, pink can be a great counter-option to the color red when used appropriately. Pink is commonly seen:  Cancer patients, little kid objects, and bathroom  products. Back To Top The Color Psychology of Brown Brown, while maybe not the most visual stimulating color, is a great sign of structure, security, and protection. Whether it's family, friends, and material possessions, brown offers constant support. It's also a very serious, down to earth color you  can use where black might be too intense. The downfall to brown is that it's the most safe color and can seem reserved, scheduled, and boring. Overall, use it when necessary, but don't depend on it too  heavily. Brown  is commonly seen:  Campgrounds, home furnishings, and coffee shops. Back To Top The Color Psychology of  Gold Gold has quite a few different meanings depending on your culture. Across the world, though, gold consistently represents some variation  of charm, confidence,  luxury, and treasure. It  also can have an element of friendliness, abundance, and prosperity that is naturally attractive. Too much gold, however, can seem egotistical, proud, and self-righteous. Similar to colors like brown and black,  try to use gold more sparingly to highlight rather than be the main attraction. Gold  is commonly seen:  Luxury products, rings, and trophies. Back To Top The Color Psychology of  Black Black is a color of sophistication, seriousness, control, and independence. Although, it can also be used to show evil, mystery, depression, and even death. Black is  a very reserved color that completely lacks any light  as its an absence  of all the colors. It likes to stay hidden, in control, and separate from others. For this reason, black is a great color for high contrast and easy legibility. Unfortunately, since its a very powerful color, too much black can cause sadness and overall negativity so use it sparingly and in your text more so than the visuals itself. Black is commonly seen:  Professional attire, luxury products, and limos. Back To Top The Color Psychology of  White White is color that is complete and pure,  making it a perfect example of purity, innocence, cleanliness, and peace. White can also represent  new beginnings, providing a blank slate, and gives refreshment for new ideas. Since white has an equal balance of all the colors, it can exemplify several meanings, with equality outweighing them all. White is a great color for simplicity, cleanliness, and idea creation; however, avoid using too much white as it can cause isolation, loneliness, and emptiness. White  is commonly seen:  Weddings, website backgrounds, and doctor's waiting rooms. More Scientific Findings of Color Back To Top Bright Colors Faber Birren, a 20th-century color researcher and author of  Color Psychology And Color Therapy, discovered something interesting about general color groups. He  found that bright light and bright colors promoted "big muscle" activity, while softer and deeper colors promoted mental and visual tasks better. He also discovered that red stimulates our nervous system while blue relaxes it. Red and related colors also caused people to overestimate the passage of time  while cooler colors like green and blue were the reverse. That means that: Bright colors promote physical activity  but make the passage of time seem slower. Cooler and softer colors are better for mental activity and make the time seem to fly by.Cooler and softer #colors are better for mental activity and make the time seem to fly by!Back To Top Cultural Color Color also means different things in different cultures. According to researcher Joe Hallock "Eskimos use 17 words for white as applied to different snow conditions, where in the Northwest United States there are only 4 or 5." Every culture understands a color differently. It has a role to play in religion, politics, ceremony, and art. The culture your audience is in affects how they understand deeper meanings of color. Even the context you use the color in affects the meaning of color. For example, in India, red means purity, while in the U.S. it denotes passion and specific holidays. Back To Top Word Connections To  Color In a survey, people were asked to choose the color they associated with particular words. Trust:  Most chose the color blue (34%), followed by white (21%) and green (11%) Security:  Blue came out on top (28%), followed by black (16%) and green (12%) Speed:  Red was overwhelmingly the favorite (76%) Cheapness:  Orange came first (26%), followed by yellow (22%) and brown (13%) High Quality:  Black was the clear winner (43%), then blue (20%) High Tech:  This was almost evenly split, with black the top choice (26%) and blue and gray second (both 23%) Reliability:  Blue was the top choice (43%), followed by black (24%) Courage:  Most chose purple (29%), then red (28%), and finally blue (22%) Fear/Terror:  Red came in first (41%) followed by black (38%) Fun:  Orange was the top choice (28%), followed closely by yellow (26%) and then purple (17%) Blue is clearly a color people are positively drawn to, but beyond that, little else can be said. Depending upon the context of the rest of your content, black can mean high quality and trust, or it can mean fear and terror. It can't do it on its own, but surrounded by your content, a color choice can bump up your intended meaning a notch. Blue is one of the most preferred colors, with the most positive connotations. #color #creativityBack To Top Preferred  Colors By Gender Compiling the results of many studies, the Kissmetrics blog came up with an excellent infographic  on how men and women experience and react to color differently. Men and women have different color preferences. According to both the Kissmetrics blog and  Hallock: Blue is the favored color by both men (57%) and women (35%), though it is more heavily favored by men. Men dislike brown the most while women dislike orange the most. Colors that were disliked were also seen as "cheap." Men tolerate achromatic colors (i.e. shades of gray) better. Women preferred tints while men preferred pure or shaded colors. A majority of men (56%) and women (76%) preferred cool colors in general. Orange and yellow grow increasingly disliked as both genders get older. Women see more colors than men, generally. They are more aware of slight color differences within a color range. This may explain why men simply call the color blue...blue. Women, on the other hand, see cerulean, sky, teal, turquoise, and all sorts of varieties of blue. Perhaps it is a combination of being able to visually see more differentiation and considering it worthy of a more specific name. Perhaps men are better able to tolerate both colorless and bright color palettes because they aren't as sensitive to the nature and nuances of the color as women seem to be. Did you know that women see more colors than men? #color #contentmarketingWhat does this mean for you? Well, is your audience mostly men or is it women? What age are they? Do the colors you're using in your content marketing attract or repel that audience? If your audience is women, in particular, you must carefully choose colors that are not too raucous. If you are selling a luxury product, you want to avoid colors that are seen as cheap. Back To Top Mood Colors And Emotions (Infographic) There are a few generalized understandings of what specific colors often mean to a large cross-section of people, with each color having negative and positive emotions associated with it. Back To Top Color Brand Recognition How people behave when they see color has a direct effect on your conversions. Will they click the button on your CTA? Will they read your pop-up graphic? Will they notice your email subscription box? According to the Institute for Color Research, people make a judgment about your content in  90 seconds or less. And, up to 90% of that judgment in that brief amount of time is influenced by the colors they see.  Blogger Neil Patel gives further proof of how colors affect your conversion rate, revealing that 85% of consumers base buying decisions on color, and that full-color ads in magazines get recognized 26% more often than plain old black and white ads. In fact, color helps people recognize your brand by up to 80%. It's important to choose your color carefully, and stick with it. When it comes to getting people to click a button or sign up, it's not a question of which color is magic and makes it happen all the time. It's a question of passive and active colors, of high and low contrasts, and of opposites, like our example where the orange  button stood out from the blue. And it's a question of which color tested best for you. Recommended Reading: How To Create A Marketing Strategy That Will Skyrocket Your Results By 9,360% Back To Top Testing Your Best Colors: A Case Study The color combination of orange and blue is a powerful one. It's fairly safe in respects to color blindness, and repeatedly gets favorable marks by people as a combination. But is it enough to just pick a great combination? Not at all; you need to know how to use those colors individually. Let's look at and our Facebook promotions as an example. We've created several designs over the last year, some  with a blue backgrounds, and others  with orange backgrounds. The promotions with the orange backgrounds  consistently made people  more likely to click than those with the blue backgrounds! It made sense, though. Think about Facebook. It is a predominantly blue network, and so our orange image stood out more than our blue image did. This doesn't mean that orange is the color you must use. It means we tested our two colors and found that orange worked the best Test your colors to find out which colors will make people click into your content more often.It means we tested our two colors and found that orange worked the best for us on Facebook. It might even vary from social network to social network so make sure that you do your own testing. What worked on Facebook might look different than Twitter. You need to find out if your red button beats your green button (as Hubspot discovered) on your own. The color of the rest of the page, your content, and the placement objects will make your results different from what someone else has discovered. Back To Top Now You're A  Color Psychology  Expert! Color in general is fascinating to study, from both a theory and psychological standpoint. From Newton, Goethe, Itten, Hering, Young-Helmholtz, Birren, or  Mà ¼ller  (yes, there have been many theories on color throughout history),  the lowly color wheel has been considered and reconsidered again and again. The effect color has on us and our behavior has been studied repeatedly. When it comes to choosing colors, you must test.  You cannot know how your audience will respond to your colors in your content and layout without creating thoughtful A/B tests to determine which color combinations and placements generate the most leads and traffic in your content.

Prejudice and Discrimination in South Africa

Prejudice and Discrimination in South Africa Free Online Research Papers If you have ever thought of visiting South Africa, you are in for a treat! South Africa is rich in history, not to mention culture and diverse racial groups. From the Afrikaners to the Indians, South Africa’s diverse population is enough reason in itself to visit this famous nation. You can stroll along Gerhard Moerdyk Street in the region of Tshwane and sample many different ethnic restaurants, listen to jazz in one of the many clubs, and get a real feel of the cultural diversity that South Africa has to offer. However, most everyone is aware of the racial struggles that the people of South Africa have endured; for those that haven’t, this article can help you in understanding the people you are likely to encounter if you’re planning a trip to South Africa. It wasn’t until the 1600’s that settlers began coming to the South African Plateau. Before that, the region was primarily inhabited by the Khoi Khoi. When the Khoi Khoi realized that the people coming there were there to stay they began fighting the Dutch for control of their land. This was the beginning of the dispossession of the indigenous people of South Africa, which really didn’t end until 1994 (Britannica, 2008). The Dutch took control of the land and of the people of South Africa. They made the Khoi Khoi farm laborers destroying their political economy. The arrival of other settlers from France brought slaves from Asia and slaves from eastern and western Africa. These slaves and their descendants became the core of the Coloured Community. The Kaffir Wars was the struggle of the indigenous people of South Africa against the European rule. It lasted more than three centuries ending in 1994 with the end of Apartheid. The Kaffir wars gave the Europeans the upper hand in the situation. Once diamonds were found in 1967, although the native South Africans fought bitterly against the British, the British and the Dutch became the dominant rule in South Africa (Britannica, 2008). To protest European domination, indigenous Africans established the South African Native Conference in 1912. The South African Native Conference later became the African National Congress and it was the first pan tribal organization on the continent that resolved to gain political control back of their country. However, the British and the Dutch, or Boers firmly established control of the country by forming the National party in 1933. By then, most of the European immigrants were calling themselves Afrikaners and their language Afrikans. The Afrikaners’ National Party came in to power politically in 1948 under the promise of Apartheid. Apartheid called for the complete separation between all Europeans and other races living in South Africa. This began the most intensive period of anti-African legislation in South Africa’s history. Supported by the United States, Apartheid called for a system of different â€Å"homelands† that was used to separate different ethnic groups to separate parts of the country. A pass system was set up that was strictly enforced to maintain official segregation. However over the next several decades the government witnessed its own segregation from other Nations, including expulsion from the United Nations because of South Africa’s unrelenting segregation and abuse of the majority of its citizen’s human rights (Stalker ,2008). Because of segregation, several groups were formed to end apartheid. Although the ANC, had been around for some time, the Pan African Congress, or the PAC was formed as a splinter group. The PAC petitioned the South African government to relieve the oppression and exploitative conditions that Indigenous people were living under, but their pleas fell on deaf ears and eventually led to the outlawing of the ANC and the PAC in 1960. In the late 1960’s on segregated college campuses became hotbeds of revolution. The Black Africans were tired of the oppression their people were enduring. A call for â€Å"Black Consciousness† rose with the emergence of the South African Students Organization in 1968. This group was a harbinger of a new revolutionary spirit among the oppressed and eventually would bring an end to Apartheid. The refusal of the students at many universities and secondary school refused to accept Apartheid and became the most potent challenge to white domination in South Africa. Although the South African Government tried to do away with these groups by outlawing them, the strategy to undermine the South African resistance failed. Resistance to the White rule in South Africa increased as international support increased and economic sanctions were levied against the South African government. Although the white government of South Africa felt that the oppression and segregation protected their interests in South Africa by keeping the indigenous people under their control, in the end they failed. In 1990 South Africa’s last non-indigenous president lifted the ban on the ANC and the PAC and released all political prisoners including Nelson Mandela. (ANC.ORG ,2008) The Homelands system was abolished with the end of Apartheid and the election of Mandela as president. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission was founded in South Africa to help repair the extensive damage done not only to the physical integrity of South Africans and their country’s social infrastructure but also on mending the South African soul. The TRC sought to help heal the trauma caused by years of torture, murder and abuse at the hands of a racist state that previously would not permit individuals of different races to marry. Today in South Africa, although apartheid has ended, conditions for Black Africans have not changed much. Economically many black Africans live way below the poverty level, and more Afrikaners live above it, creating a division among them. The pandemic of HIV in the country has given rise to a new form of discrimination against those who struggle with the disease. The scale of infection and deaths from HIV/AIDS exceeds that in most other countries. Government inaction and certain dangerously mistaken beliefs and abusive practices concerning the protection from the disease are largely responsible for this line of discrimination. The Khoi San were the true original indigenous people of South Africa. They were stripped of their right to call themselves Africans and were labeled coloured. They were robbed of their land, culture, language, and identity. The indigenous people were eager and excited at first when Apartheid was destroyed but little has changed for them. They are still labeled as Coloured and not Africans. There is still a sharp color line drawn between the Black Africans and the Afrikaners. Although many are working to change this to liberate the people from the thinking that Black Africans don’t have their own history and identity. Education and awareness are the only ways to end the struggles of the black Africans of South Africa. Although they have progressed much as a people, they still have a long way to go. As time passes their plight is sure to become better, just as African Americans lives have become better in this country since segregation ended. The Black Africans are a strong people and they will accomplish their goals in time as they unite and become stronger as a people. References ANC. (n.d.). Nelson Mandela. Retrieved February 23, 2008, from anc.org: anc.org.za/people/mandela.html Britannica, O. E. (2008). South Africa. Retrieved Februrary 20, 2008, from Encyclopedia Britannica Online: search.eb.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/eb/article-9109715 Stalker, P. (n.d.). South Africa Oxford Guide to the Countries of the World. Retrieved February 22, 2008, from Oxford Reference Online: oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Mainentry=t42.e195 Research Papers on Prejudice and Discrimination in South AfricaBringing Democracy to Africa19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeQuebec and CanadaComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2PETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

8 Resume Dos and Donts According to Recruiters

8 Resume Dos and Donts According to Recruiters The best way to write an effective resume has changed over the years. Today’s resume is more focused, and new ideal items have been added and  dropped, according to recruiters. Knowing how to write an effective resume makes it more likely you  will be considered for that perfect job position. These  recruiter tips can help when you’re applying for a job by giving  your application a higher chance of being considered.  1. Skip the Fancy FormattingMany recruiters who work for large companies see resumes via  a tracking system that loads a resume as simple text. These recruiters do not see your fancy formatting. In fact, all that effort you went to may adversely affect the text the recruiter sees, so keep your formatting straightforward unless you send your resume as a PDF file. Recruiters for large companies can ask you to send a formatted version if you get introduced to the hiring manager, so keep a fancy version of your resume if you are called upon to send it.  2.Use the Company NameRecruiters like to know you are actually interested in their specific company. Do a little research and include in your cover letter why you would be a perfect fit for that particular company. Use the company name two times, not just once, to show you are serious. Recruiters say they appreciate that extra effort, which shows that it isn’t just a blanket resume used for different businesses.  3. Leave Out Personal DetailsIncluding a photo with your job application can actually make a recruiter uncomfortable. In addition, the recruiter does not care that you are married or have 2.5 children. Nor does the recruiter want your health history. Unfortunately, many applicants include this information on a resume. Leave it out unless you are applying for a job as a model or actor.  4. Make Sure You QualifyOne good idea is to go through the job listing and match your resume qualifications with the requirements listed in the job description. This way, r ecruiters know up front if you  qualify for consideration. Do not assume that all qualifications are listed- the job listing may be simply a standard template or the listing may be dated. During your interview, you have to opportunity to add to your qualifications to show you are a perfect match for the job.  5. Keep Your Resume ShortRecruiters are not interested in reading a nine page resume. They prefer to know right away if someone  is qualified for a job. Keep it down to one page, and list what’s most important.  6. Leave Out ReferencesThe old style of resume usually included listing two or three references for a job. However, references take up space that could be better used for other things. Once you get a job interview, the recruiter can ask for references if he or she is interested.  7. Don’t Include AgeOlder workers may think they’ll be bypassed for a job because of age. However, this is untrue, particularly if a worker is well-qualified for the job. Just leave out your age. If the recruiter does ask, you probably don’t want to work at that job.  8.  Be Willing to RelocateMany people apply for work in other cities, as people have become more mobile and pursue a job instead of a location. If you’re  applying away from your home base, it may be a good idea to include your willingness to relocate. This shows the recruiter that you are serious about the position.

Body Dissatisfaction in Adolescent Females and Males Essay

Body Dissatisfaction in Adolescent Females and Males - Essay Example In fact, each disorder or ailment needs to be examined from the inside first – this will provide necessary information on the origins of the disorder and factors that might cause, increase or reduce it. Being aware of internal mechanisms of disorder development, specialist will be able to affect needed details of an adolescent’s psyche. For instance, in our case, knowing of the impact of parent’s support or criticism on development of body dissatisfaction, one is able to define positive parental relations and support as one of the protective factors.According to the data provided in the article, body dissatisfaction issues related to such appearance aspects as shape or weight are rather widespread especially in the Western society. The level of body dissatisfaction reaches 46% in girls and 26% in boys, while the percentage of adolescents satisfied with their appearance is rather low: 12% of girls and 17% of boys (Presnell). While compared in adolescent girls and boys, body dissatisfaction details have both common and distinctive features. First, according to the article, it is historically predetermined that thinness has always been considered more important aspect of female beauty standards. In other words, thinness has been perceived as a key criterion of women’s appearance. In boys, this has predominantly been weight and muscles. Another difference between boys and girls regarding body dissatisfaction lies in the effect of media on their perception of their bodies.

Strategic Marketing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Strategic Marketing - Research Paper Example The majority of marketing scholars addresses strategic marketing as a continuous, long-term process, one that is concerned with clarifying the present state of the institution, a series of coordinated steps along a clearly defined route, while others speak to strategic planning as the organization’s defining of a mission and strategies to achieve goals and objectives in the most effective manner. This paper aims to examine and analyze customer orientation perspective of strategic marketing, with a specific focus on customer orientation, consumer behavior and relationship marketing. In a customer-oriented organization, the process of identifying and responding to the interests and needs of the customer is crucial, and must be viewed as the key element of the company’s strategic business plan. In a customer-oriented organization, quality is defined by the one who uses and ultimately benefits from the specific product or service, that being the customer or client. Those at the helm of successful businesses realize that the focus of the organization must be aligned with creating customer satisfaction above all else (Hinton & Schaeffer, 1994). Everyone’s job is defined by the customer. It is the customer, after all, who ultimately, defines how well the product or service is to be created, or delivered (Webster, 1994). As Jack Welch, the highly acclaimed CEO of General Electric, often reminded his employees, â€Å"Companies can’t give job security. Only customers can!† (Kotler, 1999, p. 20). The managers of responsive organizations focus on customer satisfaction, and make every effort to satisfy the needs and wants of the customers (Kotler & Armstrong, 1999). Forler Massnick, author of The Customer is CEO (1997), stakes a claim for TQM (Total Quality Management) by emphasizing that value is defined and determined by the customer. This practice of continuous product improvement, viewed through

PET HOUSE Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

PET HOUSE - Coursework Example This report aims at conducting an analysis of Mungo and Maud with respect to its mission, vision and team structure, along with other factors that may impose considerable effects on its adopted process of New Product Development (NPD). The report also presents a reflection upon the structure, performance, innovation and creativity of Mungo and Maud during the process of NPD with due significance towards the benchmarking techniques used by the company. Vision is a statement about what or how a team would like the things to be. It can be regarded as a brief picture of future possibilities and attainments that the team shall be striving to create in due course of time (Grusenmeyer, 2014). Correspondingly, the vision considered developing the NPD process of Mungo and Maud, and accordingly for the team will be concentrated on preserving the uniqueness of the company and its brand image among the worldwide customers that are suitable for the pets’ comfort. Hence, three key elements will be considered as important in the vision of the team, i.e. uniqueness, quality and availability. A mission statement, in general, can be defined as the strategic direction to achieve the determined goals with proper usage of the available resources, in combination with the pre-defined vision of the team and the organisation (Grusenmeyer, 2014). Accordingly, in the context of Mungo and Maud, the mission of the team will be to ensure that the customers are served with superior quality of products, which are diversified in various market segments and product lines including human clothing and stationeries, pet products and gift items for humans and pets. Moreover, the team will also strive to offer its products in a quality assured by reasonable price to satisfy customer affordability. Team structure is referred as the group of professionals with various

Then And Now How Is America Changing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Then And Now How Is America Changing - Essay Example The paper shows that racism in America has always appeared as a system. It is a system that has been supported by economic and materialistic conditions in places of work whether in blue collar jobs or in other forms of employment. The joblessness has also been reinforced by increased social isolation due to lack of proper education and other social supports. This, in the long run, condemns the unemployed segment into a vicious cycle that is not easy to break, which gives the impression that particular race is not fairly considered. America is one country that is very dynamic politically, socially and economically. Our main focus is economic changes that have happened in America for the last forty years and how these changes have influenced racial, sexism and classism. Many factories in America have opted for cheap labor abroad, which in turn produces cheap products that have ready market both in America and the world. The trend in racial harmony has been a function of the elements of tolerance and understanding that has been cultivated into the American people since the days of Martin Luther King Jr. In as much as the racial and gender divide has been bridged, America is today faced with a much bigger problem of economic disparity with 99% struggling as the 1% wallow in wealth. The economic divide so created is severe to the extent that poor Americans have opted to mounting regular demonstrations like the ongoing â€Å"occupy the wall street demonstration† and with these happenings a possible class revolution may be seen in the future.

Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 6

Financial Management - Essay Example Aspects like the shareholder’s concern regarding the working capital management will also be discussed in the following sections. Working capital management refers to the money used for the making of goods and sales. It has been defined as, â€Å"A managerial accounting strategy focusing on maintaining  efficient  levels of both components of working capital, current assets and current liabilities, in respect to each other. Working capital management ensures a company has sufficient cash flow in order to meet its short-term debt obligations and operating expenses† (Investor Words, 2010). Working capital management involves a strong relationship between the short term assets of a company and the short term loans. The main aim of this concept is to ensure that there is enough cash in the firm to continue all the operations. It also aims at keeping enough liquidity for facing both the short term debts as well as the operational expenses. Inventories, accounts receivable and accounts payable and cash fall into the category of working capital management (Study Finance, 2010). As has been discussed earlier, working capital management is based on the needs of the company and the ability to keep liquidity level at all times. It is essential to be understood that the profit margins of a company and the working capital are inversely proportional to each other. A company with high levels of profit margins generally tend to have a low level of working capital. Similarly a company with low level of working capital will have much higher levels of liquidity (Bhattacharya, 2001). The working capital management mainly deals with the amount of liquidity of the firm and the profitability. The main aim is to ensure that both are in place while dealing with the day to day processes and operations. The short term and long terms financial planning play a major role in the overall liquidity of the company. The long term

Why people volunteer in their community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why people volunteer in their community - Essay Example In fact, studies such as those by Serow (1991) and Bussell & Forbes (2002), which investigated the many ulterior motives for involvement in community services, reveal that people volunteer out of both altruistic as well as self-centered motives. The welfare and service of others lies at the heart of any volunteering act. People actively participate in community services to obtain self-satisfaction and pleasure, which is addictive! Volunteering to participate in community activities is considered an act of charity. Studies that used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study changes in brain activity reveal that the centers of the brain which are stimulated when a person receives a reward or experiences pleasure are also activated when a person gives charity (Oppenheimer and Olivola 6). Another study by Meier and Stutzer (2008, qtd. in Oppenheimer and Olivola) suggests that volunteering increases well-being and â€Å"overall life satisfaction† (6). It is thus evident that volunteering is pleasurable and increases satisfaction, which is why people often engage in it. People also volunteer in community service to benefit professionally or educationally. Several business organizations such as Bain & Company promote or organize community services to introduce employees to â€Å"fresh ideas and new people† (â€Å"Community Volunteering†). Employees of such organizations participate voluntarily or involuntarily, as they cannot risk avoiding the company’s mandates. Students also volunteer in community activities to add weight-age to their college applications or get a scholarship. Scholarships such as the Prudential Spirit of Community Awards and the Samuel Huntington Public Service Award are exclusively awarded based on the candidates’ participation in community services and volunteering activities (â€Å"Community Service Scholarships†). It can be stated that some people volunteer to â€Å"gain an advantage† at a place of work

Then And Now How Is America Changing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Then And Now How Is America Changing - Essay Example The paper shows that racism in America has always appeared as a system. It is a system that has been supported by economic and materialistic conditions in places of work whether in blue collar jobs or in other forms of employment. The joblessness has also been reinforced by increased social isolation due to lack of proper education and other social supports. This, in the long run, condemns the unemployed segment into a vicious cycle that is not easy to break, which gives the impression that particular race is not fairly considered. America is one country that is very dynamic politically, socially and economically. Our main focus is economic changes that have happened in America for the last forty years and how these changes have influenced racial, sexism and classism. Many factories in America have opted for cheap labor abroad, which in turn produces cheap products that have ready market both in America and the world. The trend in racial harmony has been a function of the elements of tolerance and understanding that has been cultivated into the American people since the days of Martin Luther King Jr. In as much as the racial and gender divide has been bridged, America is today faced with a much bigger problem of economic disparity with 99% struggling as the 1% wallow in wealth. The economic divide so created is severe to the extent that poor Americans have opted to mounting regular demonstrations like the ongoing â€Å"occupy the wall street demonstration† and with these happenings a possible class revolution may be seen in the future.

Why people volunteer in their community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why people volunteer in their community - Essay Example In fact, studies such as those by Serow (1991) and Bussell & Forbes (2002), which investigated the many ulterior motives for involvement in community services, reveal that people volunteer out of both altruistic as well as self-centered motives. The welfare and service of others lies at the heart of any volunteering act. People actively participate in community services to obtain self-satisfaction and pleasure, which is addictive! Volunteering to participate in community activities is considered an act of charity. Studies that used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study changes in brain activity reveal that the centers of the brain which are stimulated when a person receives a reward or experiences pleasure are also activated when a person gives charity (Oppenheimer and Olivola 6). Another study by Meier and Stutzer (2008, qtd. in Oppenheimer and Olivola) suggests that volunteering increases well-being and â€Å"overall life satisfaction† (6). It is thus evident that volunteering is pleasurable and increases satisfaction, which is why people often engage in it. People also volunteer in community service to benefit professionally or educationally. Several business organizations such as Bain & Company promote or organize community services to introduce employees to â€Å"fresh ideas and new people† (â€Å"Community Volunteering†). Employees of such organizations participate voluntarily or involuntarily, as they cannot risk avoiding the company’s mandates. Students also volunteer in community activities to add weight-age to their college applications or get a scholarship. Scholarships such as the Prudential Spirit of Community Awards and the Samuel Huntington Public Service Award are exclusively awarded based on the candidates’ participation in community services and volunteering activities (â€Å"Community Service Scholarships†). It can be stated that some people volunteer to â€Å"gain an advantage† at a place of work

The Delian League Essay Example for Free

The Delian League Essay Explain the methods used by the Athenians to transform the Delian League into the Athenian Empire. (25 marks) There is certainty no evidence to suggest that the Athenians had any long-term plans, in the years 479-470 BC, to change the Delian League into an empire, although from the beginning the potential to develop into an imperial power were there. Because from the beginning, Athens had considerable power as she was the permanent hegemon. The most important aspects involving the transformation of League into empire was the changing relationships between Athens and her allies, Pericles? mperial policy, Athens selsh self interest in gaining more power by using the Leagu   power and establishing laws onto her allies such as the Coinage Degree and the Chalcis Degree. These aspects had portrayed Athens? gradual alteration of the Delian League into an imperial power. Originally the Delian League was formed as an alliance of free and equal states. At there were only two types of members of the League; those contributing ships (larger states) and those contributing money. But over time when Persian threat were no longer in sight, allied states started to leave the League. Athens then force the allies back into the League as tribute paying subject allies. This caused these states to pay tribute with nothing in return and lost their autonomy. The event with Naxos, as they were the ? rst to leave, was a warning to other ally states of the consequences of breaking the oath of the alliance. Additionally, the use of the League? s power to reduce the state Thasos to subject status because of a personal quarrel with Athens, indicated a change in the nature of the League. And by 446-445 BC, there is no longer any doubt or pretence about Athens? imperial position. Although in the beginning, the Athenians did not aim for an empire, these events did however, depicts the starting point of the transformation of League into an imperial power. Furthermore, the boost of the deteriorating relationship between Athens and her allies can be seen between 450-446, when Athens launched a system of cleruchies, which were settlements of Athenian citizens on con? scated land of subject allied states. The establishments of cleruchies had cause much resentment from other Greek states towards Athens. According to Plutarch, this system had relieve â€Å"the city of a large number of idlers and agitators and raise the standards of the poorest classes†, but at the same time it implanted amongst the allies â€Å"a healthy fear of rebellion†. It also allowed Athens to gain more numbers of hoplites, as only Athenian men with money can become a hoplite soldier. This had increased the military force in Athens and had strengthened Athens? old on her empire, as they were located at strategic points in the Aegean. The worsening relationship between Athens? and her allies in the League is due to Athens? sel? sh self interest in developing her imperial power, and this had allow Athens to gradually grow into an empire. This sel? sh self interest can be seen after the Peace of Callias. At the aim of the League was, according to Thucydides, ? to compensate themselves for their losses by ravaging the territory of the King of Persia? but in 449 BC Persian lost the battle against Cimon in Cyprus and signed a peace treaty called   Peace of Callias. Although this meant that the League? s aim had been fullled, the Athenians argued that the Persians would strike again if the Greeks appeared weak. This argument from Athens had an underlying aim, that was so the Greeks states would not leave the League, or else Athens would lose its? power as hegemon and to continue to pay tribute to the League, or in a more accurate sense, to Athens. Athens? gradual sense of alteration of League to empire is also seen in Pericles? imperial policy. The end of the war with Persia and the 5 year truce with Sparta confronted Pericles with a major problem. Thousands of soldiers and sailors, previously away on summer campaigns and supported by League funds, were now unemployed. He used the Temples on the Acropolis that had been in ruins since the second Persian invasion as a way to deal with all the unemployments. However this required funds. Pericles then called on a Panhellenic conference of all Greek states of the mainland and the Aegean to discuss the rebuilding of all temples destroyed by the Persians and the security of the Aegean sea as an underlying intention to get support for the rebuilding of Athens? temples and for the recognition of the Athenian navy as protector of the Aegean. This excuse used by Pericles was to force the allies to continue their contributions in order to further his policies of carrying out a building program, developing democracy, and maintaining Athenian forces over a wide area. Plutarch records how Pericles? enemies, denounced his actions as â€Å"barefooted tyranny†. Pericles replied that â€Å"the Athenians were not obliged to give an account of how the allies? money was spent†, and as long as Athens provided the services paid for, she could use the surplus any way she wished. Therefore, the tribute from allies was not used for the Delian League, but to be used for Athens? interest in building up their city. By passing out laws, it had restricted Athens? allies of their freedom by obliging to Athens? rule. This is seen when Athens had passed out a Coinage Decree in 450-446 BC, enforcing uniformity of coinage, weights and measures among the members of the League. This measures had made trade much easier to handle, it was a further example of the allies? loss of freedom. Furthermore, the Chalcis Decree, issued after the Euboean cities revolted, required the inhabitants to take an oath â€Å"not to revolt against the Athenian demos† and â€Å"to be obedient to the Athenian demos†, which revealed no doubt that the original members of the League were now very much subjects of an imperial power. In conclusion, Athens? gradual transformation of the Delian League into the Athenian Empire can be seen in the deterioration of her relationship with her allies due to her arrogant actions on bene? ting her own interests, Pericles? imperial policy which further his policies of carrying out a building program, developing democracy, and maintaining Athenian forces over a wide area, but also the establishing of laws onto her allies such as the Coinage Degree and the Chalcis Degree. There is no evidence to say that the Athenians had any long-term plan in turning the League into an Empire, but according to Thucydides, Athens had â€Å"three very powerful motives security, honour and self-interest†, which were the reasons why the Athenians took control of an empire. These events and actions by Athens had led the Delian League, which was once an alliance of free and equal states, into a tyrannical imperial power known as the Athenian Empire.

Influence of Types of Play on Children

Influence of Types of Play on Children It is important to understand the different types of play and how they help childrens development in order to plan activities for children. This will help them to develop holistically. The Early Years Foundation Strategy says that play underpins all development and learning for young children (The Early Years Foundation Stage Practice Guidance p1.17 Crown 2008). Learning through play is a very important principle of Early Years education, staff must provide opportunities for all the types of play:- Imaginative Play Construction Play Home corner Lego blocks Dressing up Building towers Small worlds Physical Play Creative Play Examples: tricycles, Sensory Play Drawing and skipping ropes Water and sand play painting, crafts Children may play in different ways to what you expect, this doesnt matter, it shows their creativity. They may be running round outside in a superhero costume waving a sword they made out of a cardboard tube (physical + imaginative + creative), this helps them to develop holistically. Types of play for children ages 2 to 8 Physical This is any play with a focus which is physical. Children can be playing indoors or outside with balls, ride on toys. They can be climbing, running about or throwing and catching a ball. Physical play helps with motor skills, this gives more confidence. The children interact with each other when they are playing games outside, they learn the rules, how to negotiate, take turns, solve arguments, this helps with social skills. Resources needed To help with motor skills and co-ordination you would provide balls of various sizes, ride on toys and trikes, and skipping ropes, hula hoops. Space to play games like hopscotch, tag or football. For 6-8 year olds you could have a basketball hoop, inline skates and bikes. Example from nursery In my nursery setting the children play outdoors and there is equipment accessible for them at all times such as scooters. There are only two scooters which gives the opportunity for children to learn how to share and take it in turns to use the scooter. They must communicate with each other in order to ask if they can have a go on the scooter and have to wait their turn to use it, this improves their social skills and language. The scooters help to improve the childrens physical development greatly as the children have to be able to balance and use their legs to be able to move around the area on the scooter. They enhance the childrens gross motor skills. When the children are riding the scooters they can make their own decisions on where they want to go and think for themselves improving their cognitive development. Development through physical play may be affected if there arent enough resources available so children have to wait a long time for a go on a tricycle for example. This can be helped by sending children out in small groups so you have enough things for them to play on. Imaginative Children enjoy pretending, it helps them with their speech language and communication skills, their social skills, their identity. There are lots of different types of imaginative play:- Pretend play children make an object into something else, a ruler can be a wand for a magician. Role play using props, the children play act different roles they are familiar with such as Mummy Daddy, brothers and sisters, going shopping. Socio dramatic play a group of children play out scenes from real life such as taking their dog to the vet. This type of play is better for children with good language skills, children with English not their first language will not get as much out of this, they will need support from staff to help improve language skills. Superhero children dress up to act out their heroes from films they have seen like Toy Story, Shrek, Spiderman and Frozen. Small world using small animals, cars, toy soldiers children enjoy making up situations and manipulating the objects. They could act out a battle or be a farmer looking after the animals. Resources Plenty of dressing up costumes in different sizes Everyday items for baking, shopping at supermarket, Farm and zoo animals, miniature cars, toy soldiers Play house Example from nursery In the home corner we have used containers of real products that have been filled with coloured liquid or a substance that isnt dangerous for the children, such as a used Vimto bottle filled with water which has been coloured with purple food colouring to look like actually Vimto. There is also a washing up powder box filled with table salt as well as more everyday objects that the children will watch their parents handling. These resources give the children a real-life experience enabling them to use their imagination and creativity. They can also improve their fine motor skills as they pretend to poor drinks and serve food. Children can improve their communications skills as they talk to the other children and role play situations they have witnessed at home. These resources also help the children to enhance their social skills as they interact with the other children. Good language skills are needed for imaginative play so children will find it harder to join in if they have delays in language. Practitioners need to be aware of this so they can support the children with a different type of play which helps their holistic development. Sensory Experiencing how water, sand, play dough, gloop feel and what you can do with them helps with fine motor skills and eye-hand coordination. At the same time children are learning about texture and properties of materials, maths concepts of volume and shape. Resources Sand and water Play dough bought or home made Food mashed potato, pasta Example from nursery In my nursery, they have a sand tray which they have access to all the time. There are different objects in the sand such as stones, buckets, spades and miniature animals. The sand can be made into different consistencies, it can be completely dry with no water this allows the children to feel the sand between their hands and put it into containers and pour it out. When water is added to the sand it makes it malleable so the children can build sandcastles and other things with it. It promotes the child imagination and creativity. This type of sensory play is very relaxing for the children and is very good for children with disabilities, they can enjoy the feel of the sand on their hands. Sand play can advance a childs physical development, they use their upper bodies to handle the sand and play with the objects. They can dig, poor, scoop and grab the sand which also improves the childrens hand eye coordination. When children play in the sand they usually play alongside other children therefore this encourages their social skills. They must learn how to share the objects and get a space around the sand tray for themselves. Sand play also promotes cognitive development as the children are learning about the conservation of matter as they play with the sand, pouring it into different size and shape containers. Creative Creative play is when children make or create something, they use the resources you provide but it is important they choose what they want to do. This helps with fine motor skills, eye-hand coordination, expressing and releasing emotions. They learn to manage frustration and how practising something helps you improve. When the child succeeds after they keep trying, they feel a lot of satisfaction. An example of this is making a necklace from beads. This requires good eye-hand coordination to thread the beads and patience if they keep falling off the elastic. The child learns to persevere and not give up. Also, they can help each other which develops their social skills. It is important for staff to not jump in to help, to encourage the child to keep trying. Resources Drawing and painting paper, card, paints, crayons, brushes Musical instruments mouth organ, kazoo, recorder, drums, small keyboard Collage materials glitter, textiles, glue, beads, feathers, string Junk for modelling boxes, tubes Modelling kits for 6-8 year olds Example from nursery In the nursery, there is a box with lots of recycled containers and materials such as, milk cartons, cardboard boxes, straws and lots more. The chldren can make whatever they want with the materials and they are given the freedom to do so. All the materials help develop the childrens creativity, they can experiment with the resources and use their imagination to think up ideas of what they want to make. When children handle the materials they are improving their fine motor skills as they are using their muscles in their hands to cut with scissors, and use their fingers to stick things together. Construction Children enjoy putting things together such as jigsaws, wood blocks and constructing things for example lego/duplo. They can make dens from sheets over chairs or out of large boxes. This helps with hand-eye coordination, spatial awareness, how things work. Building a tall tower gives a sense of achievement this helps self-esteem. Resources Jigsaws, bricks, model aircraft and trains Different sizes of cardboard boxes Example from nursery In the outdoor space of my nursery they have a construction area with large coloured plastic bricks. The children can build towers and walls and knock them over and rebuild them. Playing with the bricks gives the children a good opportunity to advance their social skills and communication as they cooperate to build a tall tower. They must be able to share the bricks with the other children and take it in turns to build what they want to. They use their gross motor skills to place the bricks on top of each other and as the tower gets taller they have to reach up to place the bricks on top. If another child knocks down their tower, they have to learn how to express their emotions of anger, frustration, upset and assert themselves to tell the child not to do it again. Case Study 2-8 year olds In The Secret Life of 5 year Olds TV programme Jude struggles with being on the losing team when they are doing an obstacle course challenge. The winners get some chocolate and he wants some as well. He thinks it isnt fair that only the winners get the chocolate, he gets very upset and angry and cries. He asks his friends to get it for him. At first they try but it annoys the other children so they stop playing with him. Jude isnt able to control his emotions and accept he lost. He cant put himself in their shoes to see their point of view. The teacher sees that Jude needs her help and support to manage his emotions. In the next episode she takes him to one side and quietly supports him, she explains a better way to react. This enables Jude to behave differently the next time, he has developed his social and emotional areas of development. In the next task he shows that he has learned how to manage his feelings when he loses because he says Well done to the winning team (episodes 1 a nd 2 Channel 4 Nov 29th and Dec 6th 2016). The other children want to play with him more because he isnt having a tantrum. Sometimes you have to get involved to help a child develop to the next level. If the teacher had just left Jude to carry on getting angry, he would have lost his friends and not learnt a better way to lose. Types of play for children ages 0 2 Play is different for babies, they learn through their senses. Also, they need a lot more interaction and supervision from adults. Treasure basket Elinor Goldschmied had the idea for Treasure Baskets. This is an activity for babies who can sit on the floor unsupported and grasp objects. Lots of natural objects are put in a low basket that a baby can reach into. The adult is nearby to supervise in case the baby tries to put things in her mouth. Kathy Brodie says No plastic! (KathyBrodie.com) She means that you should provide natural resources with lots of different shapes and textures. Toys are smooth and plastic so the baby wont learn much from picking one up, they are too young to do much more than touch, smell and taste at this age. It is important to let the baby choose what to explore, the role of the adult is to supervise so the child is safe and to reassure them by being nearby. The objects can include things which are light or heavy, rigid or squishy, warm or cold. Lots of variety stimulates the babys senses, this helps development in the brain, new neural connections are made. Using the treasure basket helps develop hand-eye coordination, it also helps the baby get stronger muscles. The activity could last as long as 45 minutes depending on the childs interest and concentration. If they put things in their mouths you need to clean them before another child gets the basket. Review the contents regularly and change the objects to keep the babies interested. Example of resources Low sided basket with about 30 objects in Natural fir cones, pebbles, shells Wood spoons, pegs, wooden curtain rings Metal bells, whisk, small pan, teaspoon Others pot pourri bag, soap, fabrics, hairbrush, mirror, lemon Heuristic Play This is for older babies and toddlers, they want to find out what they can do with objects, not just touch them like the babies. As well as the objects from a treasure basket, you can add man-made things so the toddler can widen their exploring. Bigger objects can be used as the children can stand up, they have more control over their movements. This is a child-directed activity like for the treasure baskets, adults just supervise, they dont get involved unless there is a danger or the child invites them. In communityplaythings.co.uk Helen Huleatt says When toddlers make an enjoyable discovery for instance when one item fits into another, or an interesting sound is produced they often repeat the action several times to test the result, which strengthens cognitive development as well as fine muscle control and hand/eye coordination. Heuristic play needs a clear space for the objects and children, objects are grouped into types for example, all the tins in one group, the fabrics in another. The role of the practitioner is to set out the area then sit quietly nearby. At the end of the session the children can help to clear away, they can develop cognitive ability by sorting types of objects or colours into boxes they came out of. It is important to choose the right time for this activity, if the children are tired, they cant concentrate very well. Observing what the children interact with and how they use the objects will mean you can develop these interests in other types of play. For example, if you notice a child who enjoys sorting things by colour, you could help them to learn the names of the colours in a construction activity with different coloured bricks. Supervision is important to ensure the children dont put things is their mouths or break things causing sharp edges. Staff need to be near enough to intervene but not distract their concentration. If a child doesnt seem to be interested, they may be tired or hungry, there may not be enough objects to attract them. Example of resources Objects from the treasure baskets can be used Cotton reels, buttons, fabrics Containers of different shapes and size, made of different materials Tubes for pushing things through, cardboard boxes Peek a Boo and Hide and Seek Babies enjoy games like Peek a boo. As well as being fun it helps them to learn about object permanence. At first when something is out of sight a very young baby will think it no longer exists, they are surprised when you peek out. By about 4 or 5 months old babies know an object still exists even if they cant see it, they start to anticipate seeing you. Older babies and toddlers like playing Hide and Seek, especially when the adult pretends they cant see them. The game encourages children to develop problem-solving skills by finding a place to hide or looking for everyone. They improve physical ability by running about looking for a hiding place to squeeze into. They develop social skills by taking turns Resources Provide small spaces where children can hide Roll a ball Roll a ball helps a young childs holistic development. They develop hand-eye coordination and balance by rolling the ball, they learn about taking turns which develops social skills; their communication skills develop by listening to an adult talk about the activity. Resources Different sized balls Case study 11 months old The baby I have been observing plays Peek a Boo with her Mum. Her Mum said at first she got upset when she hid behind her hands but slowly she realised her Mum was still there. When I watched, the baby was laughing and smiling. She wanted her Mum to keep doing it. This game helped the baby to understand that when her Mum leaves the room she will come back so she doesnt get upset and cry for her. A strong attachment is very important for young babies to develop so they need to learn this as soon as possible. Resources to support play and learning A good variety and amount of resources are needed to support children If they are good quality they will last longer, there is less chance of the children being injured. All resources need to be safe for children to use, they have to have the safety marks to show they have been tested and are safe. These are the CE mark, the Lion mark and the Kite Mark. Each age group and ability/stage of development will need its own resources. Too many toys limits creative and imaginative play so provide lots of blocks, shells and containers instead of actual toys. You need somewhere to store them all so if you put them in boxes the children can play with the boxes as well. Older children might have particular interests for example dinosaurs so you could provide a set of different types of dinosaurs, books about them, and clay for them to make models. The 6-8 year olds could make a video using their models this would help their ICT skills as well as language skills. They would improve their fine motor skills by modelling and work together to make the video, improving social skills. Another thing is about different cultures and religions. If you have children from another country, like asylum seekers, they will do things differently so you must provide resources that they recognise. This could be dressing up clothes from other countries or different play foods for the home corner. Dolls should be of different colours so a black or asian child can identify with them. Books should show children from different races and cultures being heroes, not just white children, this helps them to have a positive sense of identity. As the children grow and develop the way they play changes, it depends on the individual child. Play is more social for 4 year olds than 2 year olds because their communication skills are better, they play cooperatively, they are more imaginative. 2 year olds need supervision to ensure safety and help them engage in play but 5- 8 years olds are very independent compared to 2 year olds, they dont want adults getting involved except to sort out problems. Older children like board games, they understand rules and taking turns whereas toddlers dont have the cognitive abilities. They are not good at sharing, they think if they want something they should have it. Research on successful outcomes of Early Years provision both in the short term and for later success in school and as adults has pointed to some general guidelines. The best outcomes for childrens learning occur where most of the activity within a childs day is a mixture of: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ child-initiated play, actively supported by adults à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ focused learning, with adults guiding the learning through playful, rich experiential activities. (Learning, Playing and Interacting 2009) If children only do free play then some areas of development and skills can get missed out. They may keep repeating the same activities so they dont learn anything new. If adults direct all their play it is less fun and prevents them gaining independence, it is better to plan a range of activities and opportunities during each day or week, this ensures their needs are met. Children aged 0-2 benefit more from adult-initiated play than 2-8 year olds. This is because the older children have developed a lot further, they need less help. Older children like to make up their own games and decide what to do. If they are offered the same resources, the younger and older children will use them differently. Babies and toddlers enjoy water play because it feels good, they can splash about, it is relaxing. They develop fine motor skills using buckets and spades. However, older children play with water in a different way. They like to measure out different amounts, see what sinks and floats. They will do experiments to test out ideas or use water in role play. Conclusion Supporting childrens learning and development through play and activities is the best way to develop the child holistically. Children are unique, they develop at different rates, practitioners must observe all the time so they have a good understanding of each child and their interests. They can plan a range of opportunities to help them develop more and provide resources the child will enjoy, also to provide a challenge so they develop. References The Early Years Foundation Stage Practice Guidance 2008 p1.17 Crown Learning, Playing and Interacting: Good Practice in the Early Years Foundation Stage 2009 p5 Department for Children Schools and Families Crown 2009 http://www.kathybrodie.com/articles/treasure-baskets/ accessed 11/12/2016 www.communityplaythings.co.uk/learning-library/articles/heuristic-play accessed 11/12/2016 Bibliography http://www.ebay.co.uk/gds/8-Reasons-Why-Playing-in-the-Sand-Is-Good-for-Kids-/10000000177634049/g.html Tassoni, P. A parents guide to treasure basket and heuristic play (2015) Nursery World p30-32 Tassoni et al 2014 Pearson Education Limited, Harlow